Concrete gravity dams maintain stability against overturning, sliding, and internal crushing through their self-weight. Key design forces evaluated per unit length include hydrostatic water pressure $(P_w = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \gamma_w \cdot H^2),$ uplift pressure $(U = \frac{1}{2} \cdot c \cdot \gamma_w \cdot H \cdot B),$ and hydrodynamic seismic inertia forces via Westergaard’s Formula: $P_e = \frac{7}{12} \cdot \alpha_h \cdot \gamma_w \cdot \sqrt{h \cdot y^3}$ Where $\alpha_h$ is horizontal seismic coefficient, $h$ is total height, and $y$ is depth below water surface. Structural safety requires verifying: Factor of Safety against Overturning: $FSO = \frac{\sum M_R}{\sum M_O} \ge 1.5$ Factor of Safety against Sliding: $FSS = \frac{\mu \cdot \sum F_V}{\sum F_H} \ge 1.0$ (or using Shear Friction Factor $SFF \ge 3.0)$ The resultant force $(R)$ must lie within the middle third of the base $(e \le B/6)$ to eliminate tensile stresses along the foundation bed. Dams situated in high...