When a confined aquifer is bounded above or below by a semi-pervious aquitard, pumping causes vertical leakage into the main aquifer. Under steady-state flow conditions toward a fully penetrating well, De Glee’s Formula governs drawdown (s) at a radial distance $r$: $s = \frac{Q}{2 \pi \cdot T} \cdot K_0\left(\frac{r}{B}\right)$ Where $Q$ is pumping rate, $T$ is aquifer transmissivity, $K_0$ is the modified Bessel function of the second kind of zero order, and $B$ is the leakage factor: $B = \sqrt{\frac{T \cdot b'}{K'}}$ Here $b'$ and $K'$ represent the thickness and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the aquitard, respectively. The leakage factor $B$ measures the resistance of the aquitard to vertical leakage; larger values of $B$ indicate negligible leakage. In multi-layered alluvial plains across the Indo-Gangetic basin, multi-aquifer systems interact complexly through semi-confining clay layers during intensive agricultural pumping. Modern hydrogeological inves...