Civil engineering in Gujarat

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RESERVOIR INTAKE STRUCTURE

  RESERVOIR INTAKE All rivers has not sufficient depth of flow throughout the year and hence dam constructed across the river to form a reservoir having sufficient depth for intake. This intake structure built upstream side near the dam and it is similar to the river intake. A typical reservoir intake well consists number of water entry ports located at various elevations so that relatively clear top water is only drawn at all seasons. All control on this entry ports is at topnof the well. Dry intakes and wet intakes formed according to the position of entry valves outer and inner of the well respectively.
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RIVER INTAKE STRUCTURE

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  RIVER INTAKE As we know intake should be located at the upstream side of the city so pollution is minimum and this river intake should be sufficiently inside the river water so need of water can be supplied at every seasons of the year. Some river intakes are constructed near the bank of river when sufficient depth is available, some are created away from the bank of river when river bed is soft or unstable near bank, sometimes water level raised by constructing weir on the river and sometimes channel created and water led to the intake tower. This all situations divides river intake into two major types: (1) Single well type intake and (2) Twin well type intake. Parts of river intake are Intake well, Intake pipe and Jack well. River intake well has two parts, lower part is Jack well and upper part is surves pump house. SINGLE WELL TYPE RIVER INTAKE In single well type intakes water is directly enter into jack well through the penstockes (openings) created at different level. As ...
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CANAL INTAKE STRUCTURE

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  CANAL INTAKE Canal intake structure An irrigation canal used as the source of water when other source are far from the city. Intake structure constructed near the bank of canal. An intake chamber created inside the canal using concrete or masonry having one bell mouth entry pipe inside it. Intake chamber has opening guarded with coarse screen and bell mouth entry protected with fine screen or mesh. Bell mouth entry located at expected low water level of the canal. Water enters from this bell mouth entry and conveyed through withdrawal conduits to sump well or city.
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EXPOSED INTAKE STRUCTURE

  EXPOSED INTAKE Well constructed near the bank of reservoir or sometimes intake well constructed away from the source of water. Exposed intake structures are easy to handle and more common to use because rare of it's parts are inside the water.
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WET INTAKE STRUCTURE

  WET INTAKE Wet intake generally in circular shell type. Tower of intake contains water in side it. This water intake structure tower has water level inside the tower that is practically same as the water level of the source of water.
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Weather and climate

  Weather and Climate The basic consideration to distinguish between weather and climate is duration. Alternatively we can say that the difference between weather and climate is measure of time.weather consists of the short-term (minutes, days or months) changes in the atmosphere. However, climate  is the average weather condition over a long time(years, decades or centuries) and space or region. Weather Weather can be defined by terms given as: temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, brightness, visibility, wind, and atmospheric pressure (as in high and low pressure) and in most places, it can change from minute-to-minute, hour-to-hour and day-to-day. So as definition we can say that the short term atmospheric condition of any place is the weather, which may vary by time-to-time. Weather may restrict transportation services, agricultural activities and other day to day occupations may be affected by weather. We can observe the changes in the weather condition in fre...
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