Civil engineering in Gujarat

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RIVER INTAKE STRUCTURE

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  RIVER INTAKE As we know intake should be located at the upstream side of the city so pollution is minimum and this river intake should be sufficiently inside the river water so need of water can be supplied at every seasons of the year. Some river intakes are constructed near the bank of river when sufficient depth is available, some are created away from the bank of river when river bed is soft or unstable near bank, sometimes water level raised by constructing weir on the river and sometimes channel created and water led to the intake tower. This all situations divides river intake into two major types: (1) Single well type intake and (2) Twin well type intake. Parts of river intake are Intake well, Intake pipe and Jack well. River intake well has two parts, lower part is Jack well and upper part is surves pump house. SINGLE WELL TYPE RIVER INTAKE In single well type intakes water is directly enter into jack well through the penstockes (openings) created at different level. As ...
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RESERVOIR INTAKE STRUCTURE

  RESERVOIR INTAKE All rivers has not sufficient depth of flow throughout the year and hence dam constructed across the river to form a reservoir having sufficient depth for intake. This intake structure built upstream side near the dam and it is similar to the river intake. A typical reservoir intake well consists number of water entry ports located at various elevations so that relatively clear top water is only drawn at all seasons. All control on this entry ports is at topnof the well. Dry intakes and wet intakes formed according to the position of entry valves outer and inner of the well respectively.
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Weather and climate

  Weather and Climate The basic consideration to distinguish between weather and climate is duration. Alternatively we can say that the difference between weather and climate is measure of time.weather consists of the short-term (minutes, days or months) changes in the atmosphere. However, climate  is the average weather condition over a long time(years, decades or centuries) and space or region. Weather Weather can be defined by terms given as: temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, brightness, visibility, wind, and atmospheric pressure (as in high and low pressure) and in most places, it can change from minute-to-minute, hour-to-hour and day-to-day. So as definition we can say that the short term atmospheric condition of any place is the weather, which may vary by time-to-time. Weather may restrict transportation services, agricultural activities and other day to day occupations may be affected by weather. We can observe the changes in the weather condition in fre...
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Cracks in Beams and Columns

Beams, Columns and other concrete structures is liable to have cracks in their two states, one in prehardening or plastic state and other in hardened state. Beams and columns with cracks are dangerous as they can no longer able to support design loads. Different conditions of loading and responce of structure shows different cracks formation in structure.  Let's discuss in short cracks in beams and columns; Crack in Beams, 1) Flexure crack When flexural capacity of R C beam is not adequate and cross section of the beam has insufficient main reinforcement or cross reinforcement, flexure cracks may develop in the beam. A single crack or group of crack starts where bending moment is maximum and the maximum width of crack found at bottom or top of the beam. Proper design may eliminate this cracks. 2) Torsion crack, This crack is similar to flexure crack as here torsional capacity and torsion reinforcement is inadequate and hence crack developing at whete torsion moment is maximum. This...
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LAKE INTAKE STRUCTURE

  LAKE INTAKE Lake intake generally  formed by submerged intake pipe with bell mouth entry placed at the bed of lake where sufficient depth is available. This intake pipe conveys water to the jack well or sump well and from that water is transmitted to treatment plant using pump mechanism. Water conveyed in  intake pipe is under gravity force and mesh provided with entry port to clean water. Sump well constructed near the shore of lake.
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Civil Engineering Information Systems.

Civil engineering information systems refer to the use of technology to collect, manage, analyze, and present information related to civil engineering projects. This includes a wide range of software and hardware tools that support various aspects of civil engineering, such as planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation. Some examples of civil engineering information systems include: Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software: Used to create digital models and designs of structures, buildings, and infrastructure. Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Used to collect, store, analyze, and visualize geographic data, such as land use, terrain, and infrastructure networks. Building Information Modeling (BIM) software: Used to create detailed 3D models of buildings and infrastructure projects, which can be used for design, construction, and maintenance purposes. Project management software: Used to manage project schedules, budgets, resources, and communications. Structural analysis...
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Automatic Weather Station

  Weather station Definition of weather station An automatic weather station (AWS) is defined as a “meteorological station at which observations are made and transmitted automatically”(WMO). It is a building or unit or integrated system for taking, recording, reporting and sometimes transmit metrological observation. It accommodated with instruments and equipments for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate. Advantages of AWS Some advantages of Automatic weather stations over the conventional one are: Data quality is independent from the observer. The data is taken & transmitted at the same time. The real time data is available which can be used forweather forecasting purpose / Disaster management etc. The frequency of the data can be increased as per the need of the user The data is available after the normal working hours also or any time. Operational costs reduces by reducing the number of observers. The stations can be established in the remote locations . Di...
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